A preliminary field work on digital heritage and the use of virtual reality for cultural heritage management

This paper presents the results of a multidisciplinary research project carried on during the Covid-19 Pandemic and supported by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey). The results are gathered from six months of field and office work, as the project was limited with this period. The archaeological site of Letoon in Mugla/Turkey has been chosen as the test area, specifically the triple temples of Leto, Apollo, and Artemis. Photogrammetric reconstruction of the current situation, as well as archaeologically accurate 3D models, have been created and converted into interactive immersive VR content to measure consumer behaviour and experience. These two different types of 3D content are integrated into the VR environment both separately and as a single content with switching from one to the other. After the creation process, the content was experienced by the visitors with different demographic characteristics and a survey was conducted to measure this experience.

Making it up as you go along

This article recounts the founding of the Southern Food & Beverage Museum in New Orleans, LA with a special emphasis on the obstacles that the organization faced and the commitment to overcome those obstacles through tenacity and creativity. The journey to the present goes from the concept and kitchen table brainstorming to a functioning and growing institution that has begun to be recognized within the industry. The obstacles include Hurricane Katrina, the BP Oil Spill, and the COVID 19 pandemic.

Tourist risk perception, destination image and tourist experience towards revisit intention post COVID-19 pandemic

West Nusa Tenggara Province, especially the island of Lombok, has many tourist destinations, namely nature tourism, cultural tourism, and tourist attractions (sports tourism). Still, the tourism sector in NTB is one of the sectors most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic era. This study aimed to determine tourist risk perception, destination image and tourist experience on revisit intention after the Covid-19 pandemic. This study uses a quantitative approach with an explanatory research design. This research was conducted in Kuta Tourism Destinations, Central Lombok Regency, Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. The research population is all people who have visited the Mandalika KEK tourist attraction on the island of Lombok after the Covid-19 pandemic in March 2020. The sampling technique is non-random sampling, so the number of research samples is 85 people. Data collection techniques used are questionnaires and documentation. Data analysis was carried out using the Partial Least Square approach. The results showed that (1) Tourist Risk Perception has a negative and significant effect on Destination Image;(2) Destination Image has a positive and significant impact on Tourist Experience;(3) Tourist Experience has a positive and significant effect on Revisit Intention;(4) Tourist Risk Perception has a negative and significant effect on Kuta Lombok Tourist Destinations after the Covid-19 pandemic;and (5) Destination Image has a positive and significant impact on the Revisit Intention of Tourists of Kuta Lombok Tourism Destinations after the Covid-19 pandemic.

COVID-19 and the holy land of Lalibela World Heritage Site, Ethiopia

Ethiopia is the home of many tourist sites. Among these is Lalibela, one of the most famous and most visited World Heritage Sites. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the tourism industry was severely affected. Thus, the main objective of the study is to investigate the impacts and solutions for the prevalence of COVID-19 at the holy land of Lalibela, the World Heritage Site. The study followed descriptive research design. The target population of the study were the local communities, religious fathers, local tourist guides, culture and tourism experts and hotel workers. The research was conducted through non-probability sampling techniques. Convenience sampling and purposive sampling methods were used. The results illustrate that economic impacts, social impacts and psychological impacts were major issues that COVID-19 has caused for the Holy Land of Lalibela, the World Heritage Site. As per the findings, mechanisms to overcome the effects of COVID-19 on the community and the tourism sector include promotion, giving attention to sustainable follow up, developing new products, facing the challenges of seasonality and applying the rules and regulations approved by the World Health Organization. Thus, the tourism and hospitality stakeholders in the area need to strongly integrate and give attention to minimise the effect of COVID-19 on the tourism industry at Lalibela.

Pilgrim experience and revisit intention post COVID-19: an exploratory study of amarnath holy shrine in Jammu and Kashmir, India

The present preliminary study seeks to explore the pilgrim tourist experience and their revisit intentions post-COVID pandemic. Data were collected at the Amarnath Holy Shrine in Jammu and Kashmir, India, using a combination of primary and secondary sources, including seven in-depth semi-structured telephone interviews with pilgrims using the snowball sampling technique. Five main themes were found regarding revisiting intentions, including ease of registration, safety and security, health facilities, accommodation facilities, food and beverage services, and connectivity of the destinations. The study highlights that despite COVID-19, most respondents agree to return to visit the holy Amarnath Cave as they felt that they would not be affected by COVID-19 in the future. This research has implications for tourists' safety and security concerns at religious sites, including highlighting the need for proper infrastructure development to enhance the sustainability of religious destinations. Regarding social impacts, the local administration must make efforts to carry out the pilgrimage in a sustainable way post-COVID-19, following new procedures to ensure the safety and health of the tourist and the local community. The Shrine board and Local administration must formally implement these standards via formal Standards of Procedure (SOP).

Studying abroad meets marginalization: Roma of Greece, autoethnography, and academic tourism

While Greece has historically hosted many minority groups in various relational statuses with the majority population, the Roma uniquely embody practical, psychological and metaphorical spaces that sets them apart from other excluded groups. This study explores the historico-social space that separates the Roma and contextualizes recent developments, including Covid-19, which further marginalizes the group. The transactional space that defines relations between Roma and non-Roma encompasses a 'gaze' that disenfranchises Gypsy cultural standing and reduces mutual understanding between mainstream and marginalized communities. This same transactional space is rife with misunderstanding that profits normative day-to-day relations between Roma and those in mainstream society. The paper explores perceptions of the Roma within the Greek social hierarchy, while suggesting study abroad programming, as part of academic tourism, can play a positive role in altering perceptions of minority groups.

Framework for a resilient religious tourism supply chain for mitigating post-pandemic risk

Purpose: This paper aims to study the religious tourism supply chain and understand and introduce resilience across the same to mitigate post-pandemic disruptions. Design/methodology/approach: In this manuscript, a systematic literature review has been done to identify the gaps in the religious tourism supply chain, which gives adequate revenue to India but not studied yet. The identified gap shaped this study's objectives and research questions and guided the authors to devise a theoretical framework for the religious tourism supply chain. Findings: The key findings of this research paper led to identifying both threats and opportunities for the religious tourism supply chain, which has been into existence and caused many disasters in the past. As pandemic Covid-19 shut the doors of these religious destinations for extended periods, it became necessary for governments, state authorities and private parties to think and devise the post unlock operating processes for this supply chain. This thinking directed the authors to create a framework for the smooth flow of people and other services across this supply chain. The collaborative efforts of all the stakeholders at various levels can realize the actual working of the suggested framework. A stagewise set of processes has been proposed to understand the resilience across the religious tourism supply chain and reduce disruptions. Practical implications: Covid-19 pandemic has devastated the world economies and disrupted the supply chains of all sectors. The paper elaborates the need for cohesive efforts to introduce resilience across humanitarian supply chains and phase-wise processes to reduce the disruptions caused by various disasters. These systematic efforts will familiarize the readers with the need for resilience across the religious tourism supply chain. Still, it would also assist in generating revenue for the Indian government and reviving the economy soon. Originality/value: The trade of religious tourism adds a significant contribution to the Indian economy in terms of revenue, employment, visibility of culture and destination, etc. The Covid-19 pandemic has immensely disrupted the tourism sector supply chain, resulting in huge losses (FICCI report 2020). The introduction and implementation of resilience across the religious tourism supply chain can diminish the losses and assist in reviving the economy soon. Construct of resilience across the religious tourism supply chain has not been studied yet. This manuscript contributes to identifying post-pandemic challenges across the religious tourism supply chain and ways to integrate resilience to reduce disruptions caused by disasters.

Squid Game outside the wall: fandom nationalism in China and negotiation with state power (Special Forum: The politics of representation in Squid Game and the promise and peril of its transnational reception)

In the post-COVID era, the prevalence of "fandom nationalism" on Chinese social media has led to the development of two distinct attitudes toward Squid Game among Chinese netizens. Some nationalist netizens are dedicated to accusing Squid Game of plagiarism or dismissing it as a "cultural invasion." Another group of fans, due to the ever-tightening Chinese Internet governance, use fandom nationalism as a disguise to protect themselves against cyberbullying by declaring an anti-Korean political stance before posting positive comments about Squid Game. Therefore, two such divergent attitudes eventually led to a negotiation between fan culture and state power, where on the one hand fandom nationalistic practices were accepted by the mainstream for party-state propaganda, but on the other, in order to prevent being censored, fan culture had to be subordinated to the state's governance.

The impacts of COVID-19 on black, indigenous, artists and arts administrators of color in the U. S. (Special Issue: Arts and social justice.)

This study investigated the impacts of COVID-19 on Black, Indigenous, and artists and arts administrators of Color. We addressed the primary research question, in what ways has COVID-19 impacted BIPOC artists and arts administrators? We also answered the secondary research question, do differences in impacts exist in health and wellness for BIPOC artists and administrators based on demographic characteristics? By centering BIPOC artists and arts administrators in this study, we initiated an area of critical scholarly inquiry that explored the impacts of COVID-19 on creatives who identify as historically marginalized and oppressed based on their race in U. S. society.

Special Issue: Arts and social justice. (Special Issue: Arts and social justice.)

This special issue presents three articles that grapple with questions around arts and social justice. The first article examines policy statements in New Zealand about the arts to shed light on the embedded assumptions about the nature and value of artistic work and the move away from social justice discourses in arts policy. The second article examines in what ways practices in the arts and social justice differ and intersect across cultural contexts, and what lessons can the creative sector glean from grassroots and systems-level approaches to arts for social justice, through vignettes from Colombia, Rwanda, and the USA. The third article examines the ways in which COVID-19 has impacted black, indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) artists and arts administrators in the USA.

Festival cities and tourism: challenges and prospects. (Special Issue: Festival cities and tourism.)

This paper provides an introduction to the special issue of the Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events on Festival Cities and Tourism. It provides a contextualisation of the conversations surrounding the relationship between cities and their festivals during the Covid-19 pandemic. Focussing on the 'festival city' of Edinburgh, we examine how festival organisers reacted to the challenges of the pandemic, and how they strove to maintain contact with audiences and other stakeholders. We then review the different contributions to the special issue, ranging from festivalisation and suburban food festivals in Barcelona to an art festival in Dublin, the European Capital of Culture in Hungary and the festival portfolio of Hong Kong.

Industrial tourism: its potential in the destination Holguin, Cuba

An analysis of the potentiality of the heritage of the destination Holguin for industrial tourism is presented. The applied methodology was descriptive-qualitative research through analysis and synthesis, historical-logical study, induction-deduction, participant observation, and the interview applied to destination researchers, in order to inquire about the experiences in industrial tourism. Therefore, a tour was made of the most important elements of the industrial heritage in Europe and America and then entered that of Cuba and in particular one of its destinations: Holguin, has singularities related with respect to tangible and intangible industrial heritage of great significance that trace a future in research on industrial tourism, an opportunity to develop tourism post-COVID-19 pandemic.

Special Issue: Centering women on post-2010 Chinese TV. (Special Issue: Centering women on post-2010 Chinese TV.)

This introduction to the special issue on the topic of "Centering Women on Post-2010 Chinese TV" presents a brief review of major topics in the scholarship on televisual representations of women in contemporary China. The issue includes five research articles that, collectively, address research gaps in studies of post-2010 Chinese televisual-cultural discourses to do with ethnic minority women, women's media authorship, women's extramarital romance, and national heroines of the COVID-19 pandemic. We propose novel focuses for examining women's plural roles and subjectivities on and off the TV screen. We thus call for complex understandings that move beyond the predominant attention of existing scholarship on conventional depictions of women as (virtuous) wives, (good) mothers, (inspirational) female professionals or heroines, and masculine feminist girls. Instead, this special issue sheds light on the polyvalent and contested positionality of Chinese women as gendered, ethnicized, (trans)nationalized, and romanticized subjects during a (post-)globalization and (post-)pandemic age.

Gendering national sacrifices: the making of new heroines in China's counter-COVID-19 TV series. (Special Issue: Centering women on post-2010 Chinese TV.)

From February 2020 to the end of 2021, China's state-controlled media focused on creating its "victorious" narrative of combating the COVID-19 pandemic. This article focuses on two high-profile and COVID-19-themed TV series that aim to rewrite the collective memories of the Wuhan lockdown as part of state's affective governance strategies. Using a feminist textual analysis, the article examines the gendered nature of state narratives by dissecting the representation of national heroines of the pandemic. It demonstrates the centrality of heterosexual families and gender performances in romanticizing individual sacrifices and mass suffering. Unlike the socialist-era role models, the personal weakness and emotional flaws of China's new heroines are tactically displayed to enhance emotional authenticity and resonate with contemporary audiences. Yet these state narratives reflect only stereotypical depictions of femininity within a hierarchical gender order in post-reform China, where moralized womanhood is imbued with a sacrificial attitude that serves to discipline China's female citizens.

Face-to-face, remote or hybrid, how events are forced to reinvent themselves

The events sector has suffered an unprecedented halt to its activity since March 2020. More than 300,000 jobs have been threatened since trade fairs, seminars, meetings and team building were brought to a halt by the Covid-19 epidemic. Far from being discouraged, the profession quickly thought about new models of encounters by imagining remote devices. The idea has been germinating for some time, but the health crisis has accelerated the trend towards the digitization of events without completely setting aside real encounters, but promoting a new form of hybrid encounters.

Virtualization of practical education in Art, culture and sports, as a mitigation strategy for the COVID-19 pandemic

The purpose of the study was to share the experiences carried out in a Peruvian university regarding the pedagogical activities carried out for the virtualization of subjects oriented to the practice of art, culture and sports, as a mitigation strategy for the COVID-19 pandemic. All of this originated from the need to meet the virtualization requirements of subjects established by the National Superintendency of Higher University Education (SUNEDU) in the Criteria for the supervision of the adaptation of non-face-to-face education, on an exceptional basis, of the subjects by part of universities and graduate schools as a result of the measures to prevent and control COVID-19, approved by means of Resolution of the Board of Directors No. 039-2020-SUNEDU-CD. The research was qualitative in nature and developed in different stages, firstly, a bibliographic review was carried out, particularly of the foundation and support of the provisions of SUNEDU, the curricular structure of the professional school was also analyzed and the summary of each subject was analyzed., for which the teleological method was used;After this theoretical-normative approach, pedagogical strategies were formulated for the virtualization of practical education in art, culture and sports, as a mitigation strategy for the COVID-19 pandemic.

Politics of prevention in the periphery: the initial response to COVID-19 on Barbuda and Puerto Rico. (Special Section: Islands of refuge, islands of contagion.)

The islands of Barbuda and Puerto Rico share a history of dispossession and exploitation, occupying a peripheric position in a core-periphery world system. Yet, each island's response to COVID-19, and the subsequent effects of the pandemic, could not be more different. This paper examines how colonialism and neocolonialism affected the islands' ability to respond to COVID-19. Barbuda relied on community traditions of support and self-reliance and was able to restrict all travel to and from the island, including travelers from the diaspora and those participating in its informal economic sector. In doing so, Barbuda effectively isolated itself from infection. On the other hand, Puerto Rico, in a protracted economic crisis, was particularly vulnerable to touristic flows, diasporic movements, and a large informal sector. The Puerto Rican response was shaped by deep politicization in the mainland U.S., which complicated an evidence-based strategy to combat the emergency. These cases show that islands, particularly those located in peripheric or subaltern spaces, cannot isolate themselves from the worst effects of COVID-19 through mere geography. Pandemics are not only driven by biological events but also by the narratives of colonialism, encompassing political, economic, and cultural factors, which determine their trajectories - sometimes with devastating outcomes.

The impact of pandemic on bancakan salak cultural tourism

This second-term research examined the dynamics of Bancakan Salak cultural tourism after being hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. Knowing how the tourism strategy was implemented in the times of pandemic and what were the tips to be able to survive in this limited condition were two interesting things this article studied. Like many other tourist attractions, Bancakan Salak cultural tourism was also affected by the pandemic. Yet, as previous research has concluded, Galengdowo's local society had three essential traditional values reflected in Bancakan Salak cultural tourism that helped them to get through this situation. These three values were collectivism, gratitude, and almsgiving. These three values also created further key concepts in responding to the pandemic, the importance of resilience, and innovation. Using qualitative method (in-depth interview) combined with the observation participatory method, and also ABCD (asset-based community development), this article highlighted the crucial role of human basic needs resilience and socio-cultural resilience. Because in the era of globalization nowadays, connectivity had proven could be substituted by collectivism, gratitude, almsgiving, and other traditional values that hold tight the element of togetherness. This article also highlighted the role played by cultural assets and personal assets to build villages' capacity. In the end, Bancakan Salak and its tourism industry in Galengdowo was hit by the pandemic and Galengdowo's local society responded with resilience and innovation.

Attitudes and preferences of visitors of Krka National Park, Croatia. (Special Issue: Benefits, challenges and opportunities of karst national parks.)

The primary function of national parks (NPs) is nature conservation, but for the majority of them, tourism also plays an important role. Tourism generates significant incomes, but the benefits are often unequally distributed in space, as are the disadvantages. The karst regions are generally less developed terrains in terms of traditional livelihoods, but due to their special morphology, tourism offers great opportunities. Nonetheless, mass tourism can also pose increased environmental risks. In this article, we examine the above questions on the example of Krka NP, especially from the perspective of tourists, as we conducted a questionnaire survey with visitors. The results confirmed that there is a high degree of spatial inequality both in the awareness of attractions and the distribution of tourist accommodation. This fact has already been recognised by the management of the NP, and serious steps have already been taken to reduce inequality, but their impact is not yet significant enough. Based on the survey, tourism in Krka NP is determined by same-day visits. Tourists who come here primarily consider waterfalls, lakes and rivers to be the most important values of the landscape, while cultural values are considered less significant and even less known. Local products are virtually unknown in the NP palette, so this could be a direction for development. Another point that could be developed is the awareness of visitors in the field of karstification. As the survey was conducted during COVID period, its impact on tourism was also briefly examined. This impact was manifested in the fact that the proportion of retirees and tourist buses was very small, whereas the majority of visitors (90%) arrived in the NP as independent travellers. For one third of foreigners, COVID played a role in choosing Croatia as a destination. As for domestic tourists, two thirds chose to find a destination in Croatia because of COVID.

The filming industry in Spain and its influence on screen tourism

Spain experiments an excellent period regarding the production of large motion-picture works. not only films but also television series. Nevertheless, the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic present difficulties to recover the level of activity experimented before March 2020. All in all, besides the evolution of the health situation, the industry is showing proof enough of its ability to recover and adapt to the new circumstances.